Atmosphere Driven Mass-Balance Sensitivity of Halji Glacier, Himalayas

The COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy mass balance model in PYthon (COSIPY) was employed to investigate the relationship between variability sensitivity of record Halji glacier, Himalayas, north-western Nepal, over a 40 year period since October 1981 atmospheric drivers. COSIPY forced with reanalysis dataset ERA5-Land that has been statistically downscaled location an automatic weather station at glacier. Glacier simulations air temperature precipitation perturbations were executed teleconnections investigated. For mass-balance years 1982 2019, mean annual glacier-wide climatic −0.48 meters water equivalent per (m w.e. a−1) large interannual (standard deviation 0.71 m simulated. This is dominated by patterns. glacier mostly sensitive summer monsoon-related perturbations, which reflected strong correlation albedo. According simulations, climate respect either positive or negative changes nonlinear: A increase (decrease) 1 K would result change −1.43 a−1 (0.99m while 10% cause 0.45m (−0.59m a−1). Out 22 circulation monsoon indexes, only Webster Yang Monsoon index Polar/Eurasia provide significant correlations balance. Based on dependency from season conditions, we conclude snow–albedo feedback crucial for finding also albedo index.